OBL HOME | OBL REFERENCES | |||||||
FACIAL EXPRESSION AND OTHER FACIAL MUSCLES
|
||||||||
Lower vertebrates have very few muscles of
the face and very little if any facial expression is possible. This musculature increases in mammals in general
and especially in primates. |
||||||||
![]() |
||||||||
FROG |
||||||||
TURTLE |
||||||||
OPOSSUM |
![]() |
|||||||
CAT |
||||||||
PIG |
||||||||
HUMAN MODEL |
||||||||
Mammals possess muscles which
move the external ear. Humans still
possess these muscles, although most people cannot move their ears and even
those that can are unable to move their ears to better hear sounds from
a certain direction. |
||||||||
OPOSSUM![]() |
CAT |
|||||||
MONKEY |
HUMAN MODEL |
|||||||
With the loss of the gill arches in amphibians,
muscles from the gill arches (hyobranchial muscles)
become incorporated into the tongue and attached to the remnants of pharyngeal
arch cartilages which form the hyoid. The hypobranchial
musculature produces glossus and hyoid groups
of muscles (Kardong, p. 378; Romer,
p. 288-9) Once
the operculum was lost, the hyoid arch musculature expanded into the neck
(Romer, p. 309). |
||||||||